Jumamosi, 18 Machi 2017

FURSA MPYA YA UJASIRIAMALI IRINGA

Namaingo business agency co.ltd Iringa

Ni kampuni ya biashara za kilimo  na mifugo kwa mpango wa vijiji biashara ,kwa miradi ya kufuga nyuki ,sungura,,kuku wa kienyeji. Na samaki .pia kilimo cha bustani za mbkga,miti ya matunda,mronge,na uyoga,ikishirikiana na
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Iringa

Jumanne, 31 Januari 2017

NAMNA YA KUPATA MTOTO WA KIUME

¤ Siku zote mtoto wa kiume hupatikana siku Mwanamke ameingia Ovulation/yai limetoka na anahamu sana na Mwanaume kuliko siku zote.(Zile I Miss U zinapokuwa zinazidi) Sasa Mwanamke unatakiwa umpe Tunda mwanaume siku hiyo ya kwanza. Kwa wanawake wenye mzunguko wa siku 24 ni siku ya 12 toka alipobleed na Kwa wanawake wa mzunguko wa siku 28 ni siku ya 14 toka alipoanza kubleed. Hizi ni siku za Yai kutoka. ikumbukwe kuwa mbegu ya kiume Y inawahi kufika kuliko X ndo maana nakushauri hivyo. Na pia Y inawahi kufa kabla ya X. Y inaishi siku 2 mpaka 2.5 wakati X inaishi mpaka siku 3 na 3.5 kwahiyo kama ukifanya siku hiyo Mbegu ya kiume itawahi kufika na kurutubisha Yai mapema. Na kumbuka kuwa Ili kuwe na uwezekano mkubwa wa kufika lazima Mwanamke awe Chini na Mwanaume awe juu wakati wa tendo la Ndoa ili kuleta mseleleko mzuri wa mbegu. Na siku zote Mwanaume apige magoli mengi ili kuleta sperm count kubwa zitakazoweza kufika kwenye Yai. Na Mwanamme ukae style ya Missionary kwa mda Mrefu wakati uume upo kwenye uke mwishoni kabisa ili kufikia karibu na Cervix. Note: Mwanaume anatakiwa asimove uume wake wakati amefika kileleni na hakikisha ameuingiza wote.

Jumamosi, 26 Novemba 2016

GE:352 NOTES ON PROTECTED AREAS 3YEAR



PROTECTED AREAS

According to International Union for Conservation Nature (IUCN) (1994) protected areas are defined as areas of land and/or sea especially dedicated to protection and maintenance of biological diversity and of natural and associated cultural resources and managed through legal or other effective means.
Although all protected areas meet the general purposes contained in this definition, in practice the precise purposes for which protected areas are managed differ greatly.
Rationale for Establishment of Protected Areas
The primary motivation for establishing natural or protected areas was to limit adverse impacts of resource and economic development on natural resources for common good. Some of the important of natural resources are:-
1.     Esthetic value (Aesthetic value)
Ø  This is the value of resource in making the world more beautiful, more appealing to the senses and generally more pleasant. Some people place no value to this and would pay northing for it while others find it indispensable
2.     Emotional values
Ø  This is the value of resource beyond sensory enjoyment. Some people for example develop very strong emotional bonds to certain natural areas or certain animal or plant species. This is sometimes called sense of a ‘‘place’’. Many psychologists consider nature to be important for mental health, especially children


3.     Economic / Commercial value
Ø  This is type of value involved with tangible products that can be bought or sold. For example food, timber, energy etc. The value of resources for tourism, native fruits, or other sustainable products is ultimately much greater than the value of their destructive uses.
4.     Environmental service values/Ecological value
Ø  This is the value of resources in providing intangible services that allow humans (and other life) to exist on earth.  For example plants help to purify air, produce oxygen and purify water. Natural vegetation cover in the water catchment areas helps to maintain hydrological cycles, regulating and stabilizing water runoff, acting as a buffer against extreme events such as flood and drought. Forest also regulate climate, home of animal species, provide soil nutrients and protect soil erosion
5.     Ethical/ cultural or Intrinsic value
Ø  This is the value of resource unto itself, regardless of its value to humans. Intrinsic values are egocentric or environmental oriented.
Institutions working for protected areas
Ø  Protected areas management is supported by a wide range of governments, NGOs, community and private companies. Some work globally or at continental scale others are at national regional and local levels.
International Institutions
Ø  International protected area organizations and programmes play a central role in
Ø  developing best practice standards and strategies for conserving nature
Ø  Increasing national awareness of the need for protected areas
Ø  Sharing success and difficulties experienced by various national programmes through communication networks.
·       The significant outcome of such discourse on protected areas has been the formation of several major international institutions, conventions and agreements that have assisted developing worldwide conservation efforts. Examples of international agencies and NGOs are :-
Ø  United Nations agencies such as the United Nations, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO-1945)
Ø  United Nations Environmental Programmes (UNEP - 1972)
Ø  United Nations Development Programmes (UNDP-1965), Global Environment Facility (GEF-1991),
Ø  World Wide Fund (WWF-1961) which in 1986 changed its name to World wide fund for Nature (WWF)  and
Ø  International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) which was established in 1947. IUCN is the World’s largest and most important network bringing together 100 national and government agencies and 800 NGOs as per 2005.
Categories of protected areas
·       The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 1994 defined six protected area management categories, based on primary management objective. These categories are:-



1.     Category 1 a): Strict Nature Reserve: Protected area managed mainly for science
·       Area of land and/or sea possessing some outstanding or representative ecosystems, geological or physiological features and/or species, available primarily for scientific research and/or environmental monitoring.
Category 1 b): Wilderness Area: Protected area managed mainly for wilderness protection
·       Large area of unmodified or slightly modified land, and/or sea, retaining its natural character and influence, without permanent or significant habitation, which is protected and managed so as to preserve its natural condition.
1.     Category 2: National Park: Protected area managed mainly for ecosystem protection and recreation
·       Natural area of land and/or sea, designated to:-
Ø  protect the ecological integrity of one or more ecosystems for present and future generations,
Ø  exclude exploitation or occupation inimical to the purposes of designation of the area and
Ø  provide a foundation for spiritual, scientific, educational, recreational and visitor opportunities, all of which must be environmentally and culturally compatible.
2.     Category 3: Natural Monument: Protected area managed mainly for conservation of specific natural features
·       Area containing one or more, specific natural or natural/cultural feature which is of outstanding or unique value because of its inherent rarity, representative or cultural significance
3.     Category 4: Habitat/Species Management Area: Protected area managed mainly for conservation through management intervention
·       Area of land and/or sea subject to active intervention for management purposes so as to ensure the maintenance of habitats and/or to meet the requirements of specific species.
4.     Category 5: Protected Landscape/Seascape: Protected area managed mainly for landscape/seascape conservation and recreation
·       Area of land, with coast and sea as appropriate, where the interaction of people and nature over time has produced an area of distinct character with significant aesthetic, ecological and/or cultural value, and often with high biological diversity. Safeguarding the integrity of this traditional interaction is vital to the protection, maintenance and evolution of such an area.
5.     Category 6: Managed Resource Protected Area:  Protected area managed mainly for the sustainable use of natural ecosystems
·       Area containing predominantly unmodified natural systems, managed to ensure long term protection and maintenance of biological diversity, while providing at the same time a sustainable flow of natural products and services to meet community needs.

CATEGORIES OF PROTECTED AREAS IN TANZANIA
Tanzania's PAs are grouped into 6 categories according to the degree of protection offered to the land and wildlife and order of greatest to least protection. These categories are:-
National parks, game reserves, Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA), game controlled areas, partial game reserves and forest reserves.


1.     NATIONAL PARKS
National parks are areas of high biodiversity values and represent unique habitats of Tanzania.  The main purpose of these areas is conservation of representative habitats and wild animals, which constitute unique naturally occurring biodiversity of Tanzania.
In the National Parks only non-consumptive tourism-recreational activities (wildlife viewing), education and research are permitted.  National Parks are established by the National Parks Ordinance Act, Cap. 412 of 1959 and are managed by the Tanzania National Parks (TANAPA), which is governed by a Board of Trustees of National Parks.
There are 16 National Parks which cover 4% of the country's total land surface which are Ruaha, Serengeti, Tarangire, Mikumi, Saadan, Kituro plateau, Udzungwa mountains, Ngorongoro, Lake Manyara, Katavi,  Arusha, Mahale mountains, Gombe stream, Kilimanjaro and Rubondo Island and mkomazi National Park. 
2.     Game Reserves
Are protected areas where activities related to consumptive and non-consumptive tourism-hunting, research and education are permitted. Game Reserves are administered by the Wildlife Conservation Act No. 12 of 1974 and are managed by the Wildlife Division of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism. There are 32 Game Reserves covering 13% of the total land surface area. Some of the game reserves in Tanzania are Selous, Maswa, Rungwa, Moyowosi, Kigosi, Muhesi, Usangu, Lukwati, Rukwa and Burigi game reserves.


3.     Ngorongoro Conservation Areas
 Ngorongoro Conservation Area covers 1 % of the total land surface area. This is a unique area in terms of conservation of archaeology, culture, wildlife and water catchments. Settlements by the Maasai tribe, minimal grazing, non-consumptive tourism-animal viewing, education and research are permitted. The Ngorongoro Conservation Area is managed by the Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority, which is governed by a Board of Trustees.
4.     Game Controlled Areas
Are protected areas where licensed hunting, non-consumptive tourism, human settlements and other human activities, research and education are permitted. There are 43 Game Controlled Areas, which cover 9.6% of the total land surface area. These areas are administered by the Wildlife Conservation Act No. 12 of 1974 and are managed by the Wildlife Division in collaboration with District Councils. eg Loliondo and Longido game controlled areas in Northern Tanzania.
5.     Partial Game Reserves
This is a category of wildlife conservation area as stipulated in the Wildlife Conservation Act No. 12 of 1974, which aim to serve in the protection of species of national or international conservation importance. eg the conservation of the Kihansi Spray Toad (a yellowish dwarf toad)- which are found in the waterfalls of Kihansi Gorge.
The Wildlife Policy of Tanzania emphasizes, on the intention of the policy to continue maintaining this category so as to conserve endemic-species found in only one geographical area, rare-uncommon/scarce and endangered species (species that are endanger of becoming extinct).

6.     Forest Reserves (FRs)
Are protected Areas where Scientific research, tourism, bee keeping, foot path and firewood collection are permitted.  About 13 million hactors have been gazetted as forest reserves. Out of the forest reserve area, 1.6 million hactors are managed as catchment forests and about 6% is within the National Parks. Some of the forest reserves are under the central government, local government; private forests and others are under Participatory Forest Management (PFM) which has secured title deeds from the government. Examples of Forest Reserves in Tanzania are Nyang’oro woodland Forest Reserve -Iringa (CBFM), Chome catchment forest reserve- Pare mountains, Rondo FR-Lindi, Udzungwa scalp -Kilolo, Kazimzumbwi-in Coast region, Pugu hills (central government), Rungwe, TANWAT-Njombe (private), Kitapilimwa – government.

CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF AREAS FOR PROTECTION
For the selection of terrestrial and marine natural areas, the most common criteria to be considered, among others, by the Governments, are the following.
1.  Presence of biogeographical units, ecological environments, highly diversified natural units or biological richness
2. Presence of threatened or endangered species, particularly those which require their habitats regulated against human intervention. Endangered species are those plants and animals that are in danger of becoming extinct due to various factors including human activities, illegal hunting, and changes in climate
Threatened species are plants and animals that are likely to become endangered within the anticipated future throughout all or a significant portion of its range. Eg. Tanzania has important population of species that are globally endangered and threatened. These include Black rhinoceros, Wild-dogs, Chimpanzee, African elephants and cheetah. In total, Tanzania harbours about 33 species of mammals, 30-birds and 19-fish as globally threatened.
3.     Contribution of the area to the maintenance of ecological and environmental functions or processes, including the life cycles of biological species and communities of particular interest. Concentration of wildlife or of communities and species of scientific, ecological or economic interest. In this regard, governments must consider as priority to the protection of habitats which contain useful populations of economically important genetic resources. eg. plants used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals
4.     Protection of watersheds, particularly those which are essential to the stability, protection and proper functioning of important coastal and marine environments eg. coastal lakes, beaches, mangrove swamps and coral reefs
5.      Special sites for migratory species, especially those associated with wetland areas.
Also, areas where great concentrations of breeding, nesting, feeding and wintering of marine organisms and birds occur.
6.     Existence of endemic species (species’ that is found only on a certain region and nowhere else in the world eg. Kihans Spraying Toads) particularly local species, with limited distribution and populations. Endemic species are of conservation concern because they are not widespread and may be confined to only one or two protected areas
e.g. The Eastern Arc mountains forest (Taita Hills, North and South Pare, West and East Usambara, North and South Nguru, Ukaguru, Uluguru, Rubeho, and Udzungwa) contain at least 800 endemic plant species, 10 endemic mammals species, 19 endemic birds species, 31 endemic reptiles species and 40 endemic amphibians species. The 2006 IUCN identifies 78 vertebrate species as threatened in the Eastern Arc Mountains including 8 critically endangered species.
9. The presence of unique or rare national, regional, or international landscapes or ecosystems/resources
Rare resources are the resources that are very uncommon, scarce, or infrequently encountered
Species is marked as rare species if a specific species is represented by a small number of organisms worldwide, usually fewer than 10,000
10. Existence of customary and traditional activities which support the well-being of local populations on a sustainable basis.
11. Existence of tourism and recreational resources, that allow for the application of a wide range of options in use, especially in the area of ecotourism. Ecotourism-is an environmentally responsible travel and visitation to natural areas, in order to enjoy and appreciate nature and accompanying cultural features that promote conservation, have a low visitor impact and provide for the beneficially active socio-economic and involvement of local people.
13. Areas which, although not possessing many or unique resources, receive a lot of support for conservation, whether from ethical, aesthetic, religious or any other groups








4. PREPARING MANAGEMENT PLANS FOR PROTECTED AREAS
·       Management plan-is a written document that guides the management process of a particular protected area over a given period of time. The common time frame for the general management plans is five years. Every protected area should have a plan to guide its management and to ensure effective use of limited resources.
DIMENSIONS OF MANAGEMENT PLANS
Management plans provide guidance in 3 dimensions:
  1. The space dimension - establishing what should be done in a given place
  2. Time dimension - establishing what should be done at a given time
  3.  Method dimension - establishing how things should be done
THE PROCESS OF MANAGEMENT PLAN PREPARATIONS
Management plans should be ‘participatory’, involving the people affected or who will be affected by management of the resources (protected area). Participation should take place as early as possible of the process and continue throughout the management process involving two audiences.
  1. External - local people, visitors and other stakeholders
  2. Internal - the staff who will be charged with the plan’s implementation
NB: The plan is much more likely to be implemented if the affected audiences are involved in its development and have a sense of shared ownership.
GUIDELINES FOR A GOOD MANAGEMENT PLAN
A good management Plan should be:
i)                Clear and accessible:  easy to read, simple and clear language i.e jargon free and well presented/understandable to those implementing it
ii)               Short and comprehensive:  it should be brief, but with enough information to fulfill its functions
iii)             Accurate and objective: should not contain  major errors and criteria for all judgments should be clearly explained
iv)              Systematic and logical: it should have management policies derived from an assessment of the site and with a clear rationale/justification given for all suggestion/proposals
v)                Acceptable and motivating: should be acceptable to all with interests in and who are in attachment to the site/protected area
vi)             Precise and practical: with clear objectives, realistic methods for achieving them, resulting in desired outcomes which can be monitored
vii)            Focused and effective  for fulfilling its purpose as a tool for site management, meeting the needs of its users and satisfying any legal or other obligations
viii)         Flexibility: to allow for change through its working life.
BENEFITS OF A GOOD MANAGEMENT PLANS
i)                Improved management of a Protected Area
A good management planning process which has the support of staff and local people improves management through;-
n  Ensuring that decisions are based on a clear understanding of the Protected Area, its purpose and the important resources and values associated with it
n  Providing guidelines for managers on day to day operations and long term management
n  Providing continuity of management especial for new staff which helps to maintain the direction and momentum of management due to its briefing management document
ii)              Improved use of financial and staff resources
Management plans improves the use of resources because;
ü  Management plans identify, describe and makes priorities for the management actions required to achieve the objectives. The list of tasks help managers to allocate staff, funding and materials required.
iii)            Increased accountability
n  Management plan can provide a mechanism for increasing accountability of;
a) The Protected Area Managers - because managers should work within the management plan which is used to identify targets to be reached, to draw up work plans for staffs, assigning duties and assess performance
b) The managing organization or agencies -Management plans acts as a public contract between the manager, local communities and visitors on how to protect and manage Protected Areas
iv)  Improved communication
Management plan can provide a useful link between the managers and those with an interest in the area, and its management in future. This is done by:
Ø  Identifying key audience with whom the manager needs to communicate
Ø  Providing a means of communication with the public to explain policies and proposals
Ø   Promoting and advertising the Protected Areas to a wide range of stakeholders